Thus local translation events can be easily overlooked under the microscope. For instance, in hippocampal neurons levels of newly synthesized somatic proteins can be more than 20–30 times greater than translation levels of neuritic proteins. The relevance of local protein synthesis in neuron development, maintenance and disease has not been fully acknowledged until recent years, partly due to the limited amount of locally produced proteins. Local translation confers dendrites and axons the capacity to respond to their environment in an acute manner without fully relying on somatic signals. RNA localization and localized translation are especially relevant in polarized cells like neurons where neurites extend dozens to hundreds of centimeters away from the soma. Although once considered heretical, RNA localization has proven to be highly conserved in eukaryotes. However, protein delivery can also rely on localization of mRNAs that are translated at target sites.
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Subcellular protein delivery is especially important in signal transduction and cell behavior, and is typically achieved by localization signals within the protein. 6IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.5ICVS/3B’s, PT Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.4Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.3Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.2Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.1Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.Batista 1,4,5, Josune Imaz 2 and Jimena Baleriola 1,3,6* María Gamarra 1,2, Maite Blanco-Urrejola 1,2,3, Andreia F.